Download Page as PDF Expand All Collapse All Extent 13 folders, approximately 275 pages Summary This collection consists of memoranda, press releases, forms, correspondence, articles, cables, and email concerning Stephen Friedman. Friedman was appointed to the President’s Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board (PFIAB) in 1999. A considerable amount of this collection is from personnel files of Friedman, nearly all of which are closed for personal privacy. Scope and Content Note The materials in FOIA 2006-1009-F are a selective, not necessarily all inclusive, body of documents responsive to the topic of the FOIA. Researchers should consult the archivist about related materials. FOIA request 2006-1009-F consists of memoranda, press releases, forms, correspondence, articles, cables, and emails concerning Stephen Friedman. A Republican, Friedman was appointed to the President’s Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board (PFIAB) by President Clinton in 1999. He became Chairman of PFIAB in 2005 during the Administration of George W. Bush. A sizable portion of this FOIA is composed of the personnel files of Stephen Friedman. Nearly all of these records were closed for reasons of personal privacy. In short, Friedman’s service as a member of PFIAB receives very little attention in the documents deemed to be responsive. Biographical Note The President’s Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board (PFIAB) was created by President Dwight Eisenhower in 1956. Executive Order 10656, signed February 6, 1956, created the President’s Board of Consultants on Foreign Intelligence Activities. Eisenhower believed that this board of respected and knowledgeable citizens could provide him with unbiased and candid appraisals of United States’ intelligence activities. President John Kennedy, by the signing of Executive Order 10938 on May 4, 1961, renamed the Board of Consultants, the President’s Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board. Though the name was changed, the board continued to operate in much the same fashion. Executive Order 11460, signed by President Richard Nixon on March 20, 1969, again changed the name of the PFIAB to the President’s Advisory Intelligence Board. President Jimmy Carter abolished the board in March of 1977. Carter did, however, retain the Intelligence Oversight Board. The IOB was created by President Gerald Ford in 1976 following a post Watergate investigation by Congress into potential illegal activities of the intelligence agencies. The IOB was tasked with reporting potential illegal activities to the Department of Justice for review. As Ford told Congress in 1976, “I believe [the changes] will eliminate abuses and questionable activities on the part of the foreign intelligence agencies while at the same time allowing them to get on with their vital work of gathering and assessing information.” President Ronald Reagan modified the role of the IOB in 1981 and re-established the PFIAB in 1985 by signing Executive Order 12537. President William Jefferson Clinton combined the IOB and the PFIAB, making the IOB a committee rather than an independent organization. President George W. Bush radically modified the role of both the IOB and the PFIAB following the creation of a Director of National Intelligence. The newly named President’s Intelligence Advisory Board was designated to oversee the intelligence collection activities of any Federal agency engaged in the collection of intelligence or the production of intelligence policy. President Barack Obama more clearly defined the role of the PIAB and strengthened the IOB with the passage of Executive Order 13516. Under President Clinton the PFIAB had between eleven and twelve members, by law it could be no more than sixteen, whose terms were established by the President. Members were chosen for their independence, knowledge, and experience. The members of the President’s Intelligence Advisory Board serve as unpaid observers of the United States intelligence community. Much of their work is highly secret in nature though Presidents have chosen on occasion to make the Board’s reports, or portions thereof, public. The members of the Board are appointed by the President and the Director serves at the leisure of the President. Record Type Textual System of Arrangement Records that were responsive to this FOIA request were found in four collection areas—Clinton Presidential Records: WHORM Subject Files, Clinton Presidential Records: White House Staff and Office Files, Clinton Presidential Records: Automated Records Management System (ARMS) Emails, and Clinton Presidential Records: NSC, Cable, Email, and Records Management Systems. As policy, Staff and Office files are processed at the folder level, that is, individual documents are not selected and removed from a folder for processing. While this method maintains folder integrity, it frequently results in the incidental processing of documents that are not wholly responsive to the subject area. WHORM Subject and WHORM Alpha files are processed at the document level. The WHORM Subject File was compiled by the White House Office of Records Management and is a series of categories designated by a letter/number combination. A complete listing of the categories with detailed descriptions is provided in our research room. The Automated Records Management System (ARMS) is a database that contains email records of the Executive Office of the President. This system maintained unclassified Presidential Records email. The ARMS dataset is comprised of 6 sub-series of email records called “Buckets.” The buckets include NPR, OPD, POTUS, WHO, CEA, and Default. ARMS emails are arranged chronologically by creation date. Access Collection is open to all researchers. Access to Clinton Presidential Records is governed by the Presidential Records Act (PRA) (44 USC 2201) and the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) (5 USC 552, as amended) and therefore records may be restricted in whole or in part in accordance with legal exemptions. Copyright Documents in this collection that were prepared by officials of the United States government as part of their official duties are in the public domain. Researchers are advised to consult the copyright law of the United States (17, USC 101) which governs the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material. Provenance Official records of William Jefferson Clinton’s presidency are housed at the Clinton Presidential Library and administered by the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) under the provisions of the Presidential Records Act (PRA). Person Names Friedman, Stephen J., 1938- Organization Names United States. President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board Processed by Staff Archivist, 2008. Previously restricted materials are added as they are released. Last Modified Date 2010-02-17 Container List The following is a list of documents and folders processed in response to FOIA 2006-1009-F: Clinton Presidential Records: WHORM Subject Files Category Case Number PE002 Scanned: Case Number 213697 Clinton Presidential Records: White House Staff and Office Files Counsel’s Office Fuld, Richard Friedman, Stephen [1] [OA/ID CF 1498] Friedman, Stephen [2] [OA/ID CF 1498] Schaffner, Jane Friedman, Stephen [OA/ID CF 1607] Presidential Personnel PE002 [Friedman, Stephen] 237479 [OA/ID 10288] [Friedman, Stephen] 237603 [OA/ID 10288] Security Office Friedman, Stephen [OA/ID CF 1884] Clinton Presidential Records: Automated Records Management System (ARMS) Emails NSC 1994/08 – 1999/12 [Stephen Friedman] [11/06/1998 – 08/30/1999] [OA/ID 1200000] NSC 2000/01 – 2001/01 [Stephen Friedman] [02/11/2000 – 03/10/2000] [OA/ID 1250000] WHO [Stephen Friedman] [09/14/1998 – 12/11/2000] [OA/ID 500000] Clinton Presidential Records: NSC Cable, Email And Records Management Systems NSC Cables Jan 1999 – Dec 2000 [Stephen Friedman] [04/06/1999 – 11/01/2000] [OA/ID 530000] NSC Emails Exchange-Record (Sept 97 – Jan 01) [Stephen Friedman] [01/19/1998 – 01/05/2001] [OA/ID 620000] Exchange-Non-Record (Mar 97 – Jan 01) [Stephen Freidman] [01/22/1998 – 02/23/2000] [OA/ID 630000]